The nucleus pulposus is the gel-like core of every intervertebral disc — a water-rich structure that absorbs spinal shock. Learn its composition, function, and role in disc injury.

Kyphosis is an excessive forward curvature of the thoracic spine producing a rounded upper back. Normal thoracic kyphosis measures 20–40 degrees

Spondylosis is the broad medical term for age-related spinal degeneration — disc narrowing, bone spur formation, and ligament thickening — collectively called spinal osteoarthritis.

A spinal MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to image the spinal cord, discs, and nerve roots without radiation — the essential tool for diagnosing back pain.

The thoracic spine is the middle segment of the vertebral column, comprising 12 vertebrae (T1–T12) that attach to the rib cage, protect the thoracic spin

A disc protrusion is a focal disc displacement where the base of displaced material is wider than its apex — the mildest subtype of herniation, often asymptomatic, and highly responsive to non-surgical treatment.

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is low back pain lasting 12 weeks or longer. It is the leading cause of disability worldwide and the most common reason adults seek non-surgical spine treatment.