A bone spur (osteophyte) is an abnormal bony growth that forms along bone edges in response to chronic pressure or stress. In the spine

The lumbar spine is the lower portion of the vertebral column, consisting of five vertebrae (L1–L5) designed to bear the majority of the body's weight and enable flexion, extension, and rotation.

Lumbar radiculopathy is a condition in which a lumbar nerve root becomes compressed, inflamed, or damaged, producing pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness tha

Spinal osteoarthritis is the degeneration of cartilage lining the facet joints — small paired joints connecting adjacent vertebrae. As cartilage wears

Intradiscal therapy is any minimally invasive treatment injected directly into an intervertebral disc under image guidance to reduce pain, restore disc function, or repair disc tissue — without surgery.

Sciatica is pain radiating along the sciatic nerve — from the lower back through the buttock and down one or both legs — caused by compression of a lumbar nerve root (L4, L5, or S1).

Piriformis syndrome is a neuromuscular condition in which the piriformis muscle — located deep in the buttock — irritates or compresses the sciatic nerve, produ