The L4-L5 disc sits between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae, carries more mechanical load than any other disc, and is the most frequently herniated level in the lower back. Learn what this segment is, why it fails, and what non-surgical treatment options exist.

Piriformis syndrome is compression of the sciatic nerve by the piriformis muscle — a deep hip rotator in the gluteal region — producing buttock pain and leg symptoms that closely mimic disc-originated sciatica.

Spondylolisthesis is vertebral slippage that causes back pain, leg symptoms, and instability. Learn about grades, types, symptoms, and non-surgical treatment options including biologic disc repair for eligible patients.

A TENS unit delivers low-voltage electrical impulses through skin electrodes to interrupt pain signals. Learn how it works, what it cannot fix, and where it fits in a complete spine care plan.

Nerve root compression (radiculopathy) is mechanical pressure on a spinal nerve root that causes pain, numbness, tingling, or weakness along the nerve's distribution path. Research confirms 80-90% of sciatica cases resolve without surgery with appropriate non-surgical care.

An annular tear is a crack or split in the tough outer ring of a spinal disc. Learn about causes, grades, symptoms, diagnosis, and non-surgical treatment options including biologic disc repair.

A disc protrusion is a focal outward displacement of intervertebral disc material where the base of the displaced portion is wider than its apex — the mildest subtype of disc herniation, frequently asymptomatic, and highly responsive to non-surgical care.